Crusading Realism:

The Bush Doctrine and American Core Values after 9/11

Table of Contents

Preface                                                                                                                     

1. Introduction                                                                                                         

Is There a Bush Doctrine?                                                                                   

United States Foreign Policy As a Presidential Construct                             

The President as Primary Foreign Policy Maker                                               

The Bush Doctrine and International Relations Theory                                         

Realism                                                                                                                    

Liberalism                                                                                                                

Crusading Realism                                                                                                   

Sources                                                                                                                 

2. Continuity and Change in Presidential Doctrine                                                 

9/11 as a Watershed

Presidential Doctrines and American Foreign Policy                                              

An Outline of the Bush Doctrine                                                                            

3. National Security and Terrorism Before Bush: the Clinton Years                      

Terrorism  "Terrorism" and the Foreign Policy Environment of the 1990’s                                

In Search of a Clinton Doctrine                                                                           

The Conduct of Foreign Affairs                                                                              

The Al Qaeda Threat                                                            

Responding to the Threat: The First Term                                                            

Responding to the Threat: The Second Term                                                      

Heading to 9/11  : the Inheritance                                                    

4. A Crisis Foreshadowed                                                                                       

George W. Bush: Ideology and Personality                                                             

The Early Years                                                                                                       

The Early Presidency: ‘Assertive Nationalism’                                                      

Terror: Al Qaeda and Iraq  "Iraq"  Pre-9/11                                                          

5. The Genesis and Rise of ‘Crusading Realism’                                                     

Precursor Events                                                                                                      

The Road to 9/11                                                                                           

The Shift of September 11                                                                                       

George W. Bush and the Bush Doctrine                                                                  

Defining the Bush Doctrine                                                                                    

6. After 9/11: Initial Development of the Bush Doctrine                                        

The Day of the Attacks                                                                                           

Policy Takes Form                                                                                                  

October and Afghanistan                                                                                          

WMD and Terror 

The Final Days of 2001

7. The Bush Doctrine Evolves: the Second Phase                                                   

The State of the Union 2002 and Follow-Up Speeches

The Second Theme: The Use of Military Power                                                    

The Third Theme: Democracy Promotion                                                              

The Transition to Iraq                                                                                                    

8. The Road to Baghdad                                                                                          

Internal Tensions                                                                                                     

9/11 As a Trigger For Action                                                                                   

2002: The Stance Evolves                                                                                        

2003: Year of Decision                                                                                            

Strategy and Goals                                                                                                  

9. Understanding ‘Crusading Realism’                                                                    

George W. Bush, 9/11 and Policy Change                                                               

The Bush Doctrine as Neo-Conservatism                                                               

The Bush Doctrine and the New Imperium                                                            

The Bush Doctrine as a Return to the Roots                                                          

Appendices                                                                                                              

Appendix I: Selected Text of the Quadrennial Defense Review                               

Appendix II: President Bush Speaks on War Effort to Citadel Cadets                     219

Appendix III: Remarks by President at 2002 Graduation Ercise of the United States Military Academy, West Point, NY.   

Appendix IV: National Security Strategy of the United States of America, 2002     223

Appendix V: President George W. Bush: State of the Union 2003